【SGM-01U3B2CL】
【SGM-01U3B2CL】
【SGM-01U3B2CL】
文章对PLC自动控制系统可靠性问题进行了较深入研究,提出了
文章对PLC自动控制系统可靠性问题进行了较深入研究,提出了
提高系统可靠性运行的方法。实践证明这些方法的采用对提高
系统的可靠性是行之有效的。
关键词:可靠性 PLC 自动控制系统
1、引言
可编程控制器由于抗干扰能力强,可靠性高,编程简单,
性能价格比高,在工业控制领域得到越来越广泛应用。
工业年月机作为中央控制单元,配有组态软件,选用大屏
幕实时监视界面,实现各控制点的动态显示、数据修改、故障
诊断、自动报警,还可显示查询历史事件记录,系统各主要部
件累计运行时间,各装置工艺流程图,各装置结构图等。中央
控制单元和下位机PLC之间采用串行通讯方式进行数据交换,通
常距离在1000m以内选用485双绞线通讯方式,较常距离可选用光
纤通讯,更长距离也可选用无线通讯方式。下位机选用PLC控制,
根据控制对象的多少,控制对象的范围,可选用一台或多台PLC
进行控制,PLC之间数据交换是利用内部链接寄存器,实现数据
交换和共享。由于PLC对现场进实时监控具有很高的可靠性,且
编程简单、灵活,因此越来越受到人们重视。
2、控制系统可靠性降低的主要原因
虽然工业控制机和可编程控制器本身都具有很高的可靠性,
但如果输入给PLC的开关量信号出现错误,模拟量信号出现较大
偏差,PLC输出口控制的执行机构没有按要求动作,这些都可能
使控制过程出错,造成无法挽回的经济损失。
影响现场输入给PLC信号出错的主要原因有:
1)造成传输信号线短路或断路(由于机械拉扯,线路自身
老化,特别是鼠害),当传输信号线出故障时,现场信号无法
传送给PLC,造成控制出错;
2)机械触点抖动,现场触点虽然只闭合一次,PLC却认为闭
合了多次,虽然硬件加了滤波电路,软件增加微分指令,但由
于PLC扫描周期太短,仍可能在计数、累加、移位等指令中出错,
出现错误控制结果;
3)现场变送器,机械开关自身出故障,如触点接触不良,
变送器反映现场非电量偏差较大或不能正常工作等,这些故障
同样会使控制系统不能正常工作。
影响执行机构出错的主要原因有:
1)控制负载的接触不能可靠动作,虽然PLC发出了动作指
但执行机构并没按要求动作;
2)控制变频器起动,由于变频器自身故障,变频器所带电
机并没按要求工作;
3)各种电动阀、电磁阀该开的没能打开,该关的没能关到
位,由于执行机构没能按PLC的控制要求动作,使系统无法正常
工作,降低了系统可靠性。要提高整个控制系统的可靠性,必
须提高输入信号的可靠性和执行机构动作的准确性,否则PLC
应能及时发现问题,用声光等报警办法提示给操作人员,尽快
排除故障,让系统安全、可靠、正确地工作。
3、设计完善的故障报警系统
在自动控制系统的设计中我们设计了3级故障显示报警系
统,1级设置在控制现场各控制柜面板,用指示灯指示设备正
常运行和故障情况,当设备正常运行时对应指示灯亮,当该设
备运行有故障时指示灯以1Hz的频率闪烁。为防止指示灯灯泡
损坏不能正确反映设备工作情况,专门设置了故障复位/灯
试按钮,系统运行任何时间持续按该按钮3s,所有指示灯应全
部点亮,如果这时有指示等不亮说明该指示灯已坏,应立即更
换,改按钮复位后指示灯仍按原工作状态显示设备工作状态。
2级故障显示设置在中心控制室大屏幕监视器上,当设备出
故障时,有文字显示故障类型,工艺流程图上对应的设备闪烁,
历史事件表中将记录该故障。3级故障显示设置在中心控制
信号箱内,当设备出现故障时,信号箱将用声、光报警方式提
示工作人员,及时处理故障。在处理故障时,又将故障进行分
类,有些故障是要求系统停止运行的,但有些故障对系统工作
影响不大,系统可带故障运行,故障可在运行中排除,这样就
大大减少整个系统停止运行时间,提高系统可靠性运行水平。
4、输入信号可靠性研究
要提高现场输入给PLC信号的可靠性,首先要选择可靠性
较高的变送器和各种开关,防止各种原因引起传送信号线短
路、断路或接触不良。其次在程序设计时增加数字滤波程序,
增加输入信号的可信性。
在现场输入触点后加一定时器,定时时间根据触点抖动
情况和系统要的响应速度确定,一般在几十ms,这样可保证
触点确实稳定闭合后,才有其它响应。模拟信号滤波可采用
图2b 程序设计方法,对现场模拟信号连续采样3次,采样间
隔由A/D转换速度和该模拟信号变化速率决定。3次采样数据
分别存放在数据寄存器DT10、DT11、DT12中,当最后1次采样
结束后利用数据比较、数据交换指令、数据段比较指令去掉
最大和最小值,保留中间值作为本次采样结果存放在数据寄存
器DT0中。
提高读入PLC现场信号的可靠性还可利用控制系统自身特
点,利用信号之间关系来判断信号的可信程度。如进行液位
控制,由于储罐的尺寸是已知的,进液或出液的阀门开度和
压力是已知的,在一定时间里罐内液体变化高度大约在什
范围是知道的,如果这时液位计送给PLC的数据和估算液位
高度相差较大,判断可能是液位计故障,通过故障报警系统
通知操作人员检查该液位计。又如各储罐有上下液位极限保
护,当开关动作时发出信号给PLC,这个信号是否真实可靠,
在程序设计时我们将这信号和该罐液位计信号对比,如果液
位计读数也在极限位置,说明该信号是真实的;如果液位
读数不在
限位置,判断可能是液位极限开关故障或传送信号线路故障,
同样通过报警系统通知操作人员处理该故障。由于在程序
计时采用了上述方法,大大提高了输入信号的可靠。
5、执行机构可靠性研究
当现场的信号准确地输入给PLC后,PLC执行程序,将结
果通过执行机构对现场装置进行调节、控制。怎样保证执行机
构按控制要求工作,当执行机构没有按要求工作,怎样发现故
障?我们采取以下措施:当负载由接触器控制时,启动或停止这
类负载转为对接触器线圈控制,启动时接触器是否可靠吸合,
停止时接触器是否可靠释放,这是我们关心的。
X0为接触器动作条件,Y0为控制线圈输出,X1为引回到PLC
输入端的接触器辅助常开触点,定时器定时时间大于接触器动
作时间。R0为设定的故障位,R0为ON表示有故障,做报警处理;
R0为OFF表示无故障。故障具有记忆功能,由故障复位按钮清除。
当开启或关闭电动阀门时,根据阀门开启、关闭时间不同,
设置延时时间,经过延时检测开到位或关到位信号,如果这些
信号不能按时准确返回给PLC,说明阀可能有故障,做阀故障报
警处理。程序设计如图3b 所示。X2为阀门开启条件,Y1为控制
阀动作输出,定时器定时时间大于阀开启到位时间,X3为阀到
位返回信号,R1为阀故障位。
6、结论
我们在胜利油田胜利采油厂胜砣注聚站自动控制系统设计
采用了以上方法,经过近2年的运行证明这些方法的采用对提高
系统可靠性运行是行之有效的。
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Rosemount Magnetic Flow Transmitter 8712CP12N0M4 115VAC 1PH 1A 20W 4-20MA
Endress+Hauser Promass 80 Transmitter 80F08-AAASAAACB?BA8 20-55VAC 16-62VDC
Rebuilt Rosemount Pressure Transmitter 3051CG5A22A1JB4?M6E5 2000 PSIG 10.5-55 VDC
FOXBORO Electronic Transmitter 823DP-I3K1NL2-S SER A 12.5-65VDC 3000PSI
Omega Ricochet Ultrasonic Level Transmitter LVU-2001 Alphasonic
RiS SC-1372 Isolated RTD Transmitter 3Wire 32-650 deg F 200-450 4-20ma
Rosemount Pressure Transmitter 3051CG4A02A1AH2?B3 GIP XMTR 4-20mA
Rosemount Pressure Transmitter 3051CD2A02A1AS5 3626PSI/250BAR 10.5-55VDC
Celesco Transmitter Position PT8420-0015-821?-1141 1.0664mA/Inch Output4-20mA
Micro Motion Flow Transmitter 1FT97031C6D3U 85-250 VAC
EXAC Series 8300 Mass Flow Transmitter 8300EX 115VAC 50/60HZ 40VA
Bailey BC2421511 Pressure Transmitter 3600PSI
Foxboro I/A Series Magnetic Flow Transmitter IMT20-SA10CGZ-G STAB 120VAC
Rosemount Pressure Transmitter 3051CG5M22A1AB4?E5T1C2 2000PSI/138BAR 6-12VDC
Yokogawa PH Transmitter PH400-P-U-1-E*A 120 V AC 60HZ 8.5W
Rosemount Magnetic Flow Transmitter 8712CR12N5M4B6 115VAC 1PH 1A 20W 4-20MA
Rosemount Magnetic Flow Transmitter 8712C P03N5M4 8712CP03N5M4 3A 20W
Rosemount Pressure Transmitter 3051CD2A02A1AH2?B1N5E5L4 3626PSIG 10.5-55VDC
Rebuilt Rosemount Transmitter 3051CD2A02A1AS5 SMART Diff Pressure 4-20mA
Rosemount 3051CG4A22A1AB4 Gage Pressure Transmitter 300 PSI 10.5-55 VDC
Rosemount Flow Meter Transmitter APEXBC1A1SC4N04?A101M1
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